托福听力难点破解方法分享
大家好,相信很多同学都考过了托福,而托福考试中最难得也就是听力了,很多同学问我是如何攻克托福听力几乎满分的?在这里我特地加以说明,其实也就是我的一些个人经验而已。
一,千万记住听力没有窍门,即使有所谓的窍门也不过就是实战的经验!所以要考好托福听力首先要下定决心硬听!切记,从第一天复习托福就开始听力训练。
二,练习过程中对于文章或段子听不懂是否应该硬听,至到听懂为止呢?否,千万不要这样做,听3到5遍之后,若发现听不懂应马上看原文才是!但看过原文之后应反复听,直到听到关键词都能够大脑条件反射,即不用想也知道!记住!对于听力而言,反复听已听懂的要比听听不懂的重要的多!同时效果也好很多!因为当你听不懂而去翻原文时很少是应为单词不认识耳听不懂,大多是熟词但出现场合改变而已!
三,对于托福小段子题中的短语,你一定要熟记,在这方面智课做得不错可以去看一下有关的书!有的人问我是否有必要却整理词典中的短语,甚至是口语中的习语呢?否!只要把过去的真题中的习语搞懂就可以了!这种题量少,而且ETS也不常出了。完全没有必要!
四,要学会带着问题去听,无论是小段子还是文章都可以这样去做。这样做会使你听力一听完,答案就出来了!而且不必要的更本可以不听!特别是长文章更是如此!先看文章的题目,再看答案,把文章的内容和重点先有所了解,而且要有对答案,文章的问题提法有所猜测,把自己的猜测和实际听力去对比,你会发现听力讲的事你有所了解的事情,而且有过思考的事,这样化被动为主动,是很有帮助的!要能够使自己的猜测准确需要平时的多听,多练,多想!除了练没有别的任何方法!
五,我建议每个同学说有的听力磁带反复听上十遍,在考试前一定要把所有的听力过一遍,我指的事你所听过的所有听力,可能要花两天时间。你可以一边做事一边听,要求是你一听到小段子,你就知道答案是什么,是考事件,还是时间,或人物!这段子的重点是想考你什么!同时培养耳朵和大脑的条件反射!这样会使你在考试时,还没紧张答案已经出来了!很有好处!
托福口语考试难点及解决方法!我们在备考托福口语的过程中,同学们遇到难点应该怎么应对呢?我为大家整理托福口语备考中常见的四大难点,并且为大家附带了相应的解决办法。
一:基本没有准备时间
托福口语部分共有六道题,每道题的难度递增。以最容易的第一题来说,准备时间只有15秒,回答时间只有45秒。这对于很多没有充分准备的考生来说,根本还没来得及思考,准备时间就结束了。刚要开始回答,第一个句子还没来得及展开,回答时间就结束了。我们知道:People are very,very emotional. 正常情况下,人们是很容易受到自己情绪影响的。第一道口语题一旦发挥失利,必然会影响到后面的表现。每道题之间衔接紧密,基本没有让考生喘息调整的时间。因此很多考生都是从第一题开始一败千里,甚至考完了试都不敢回顾自己在口语部分的表现。
二:回答必须具体详细
在托福口语部分的评分细则中,考生回答中的“details,examples and specific reasons” 被明确的规定为评分的重要标准。这一规定的确是一针见血。有很多考生,凭着多年的考试经验,背了一大篇模棱两可的句子。如: “Generally speaking,in current world we have some conflicting theories…”等等。打算在考口语时用这样一堆“stock language”滥竽充数。但是,这一在其他考试中行之有效的手段,在托福口语考试中却不会有好的效果。一旦参与评分的美国教育考试中心的两位 raters不能在回答中找到具体的细节,该考生的回答立刻会被评为劣等。
三:托福口语词汇,句型必须丰富
这一点要求考生在回答时,不能只使用单一的“this is a book.”,“that is a pen.”这样的句型。想要取得一个好分数,考生所使用的词汇和句型必须要能匹配得上自己的教育背景。要能表明该考生在真实的北美学术环境中可以很好的进行学术交流。
四:托福口语回答必须流畅,思维必须清晰
想要破解新托福口语部分,我们首先把托福考试与雅思考试做一个横向的对比。我们发现,雅思的口语部分一般由考官来主导考察过程。考官的作用体现在两方面:
A、当考生由于紧张等原因无法发挥出水平时,考官会尽量提供帮助,诱导该考生发挥出真实的水平。
B、当考生对考题作了充分的研究准备,并按照事先准备的回答流畅的进行背诵时,考官会主动打断该考生的背诵,且有意转换到生僻话题。目的仍然是要考察该考生真实的英语水平。由此可知,在雅思口语考试中,侧重进行考察的是conversation,即真实的交流,交谈能力。但是,托福的口语考试与此恰恰相反。因为没有考官的参与,整个的考察过程更类似于一个presentation. 考生只要围绕考题进行回答,整个的回答过程都不会被打扰。这就意味着:提前准备好回答的魔板,完全可以大大减低口语回答的难度。
下面是整理的 托福听力题型分类及解题技巧,欢迎阅读。
根据《The Official Guide To The New TOEFL》即新托福考试官方指南(OG)的介绍,新托福考试听力部分有八种题型,可以分为以下三大类:
一、Basic Comprehension Questions 对材料的基本理解
1.Gist-Content (内容主旨题,理解讲座或对话的主旨大意)
2.Gist-Purpose (目的主旨题,考察对话目的)
3.Detail (细节题,听懂并记住讲座或对话中明晰的细节或事实)
二、Pragmatic Understanding Questions 情景理解题
4.Understanding the Function of What Is Said (句子功能题,测试是否理解某一句话的功能)
5.Understanding the Speaker's Attitude (说话人态度题,考查是否能听出说话人的态度或观点)
三、Connecting Information Questions 整合信息题
6.Understanding Organization (组织结构题,识别整个听力材料的结构和听力材料中两个部分之间的关系)
7.Connecting Content (连接内容题,考查对材料中各观点之间的关系的理解能力,有时需要根据所听内容来推测)
8.Making Inferences (推论题,根据已听到的内容得出结论)
对于听力基础较弱的同学,尤其要抓住的就是第一类--基本理解题。我们把其中的前两种题型Gist Content(内容主旨题)以及Gist Purpose(目的主旨题)统称为Gist Questions(主旨题)。下面就跟随我一起来看一看托福听力Lecture中的主旨题该如何破解。
1、出题位置:
主旨题的出题位置是固定的,是听完每篇文章后的第一道题目。从题号上来说,是每个section中的1、6、12题。
要注意的是,托福听力答题过程中不走回头路,也就是说大家无法根据后面的细节题来推测文章的主旨大意。
2、题型识别:
(1)What is the main topic of the lecture?
What is the lecture mainly about?
What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
【此类是OG中出现的Lecture 部分Gist Content的题目问法】
(2)Why does the professor explain X?
【此类是OG中出现的Lecture 部分Gist Purpose的题目问法】
不论是Gist Content还是Gist Purpose,考察重点都是文章的主旨大意,只是在问法上略有区别。也就是说,在每篇听力文章之后的第一题,即使大家不去仔细读题,也可以知道题目所问的是文章的主旨大意。
3、解题技巧:
(1)牢抓开头:
其实Lecture的主旨题非常简单。只要能抓住文章开头的有效信息,就能解决绝大多数题目。大家要了解的是,托福听力是为了让大家熟悉北美真实的学习、生活场景,因此Lecture的讲解方式与大学课堂中的professor亦是相似的。
Professor在讲解过程中非常注重逻辑性,也通常会在文章的开头部分就提出本节课的主要内容,这里就是我们所要解决的主旨题的位置所在。大家在听到如下标志词的时候,要竖起耳朵,因为下面接着的就是文章的主旨了:
Today/ Now/ We are going to discuss…
Let's look at…/ I'd like to mention…
I'd like to focus on…
I'd like to begin my class by introducing…
(2)参考下文:
在一些文章中,开头并不会出现上一段落中提及的标志词。在这种情况下,我们要通过下文的分论点、例子以及总结来总结主旨。
要注意的是,重复原则是托福听力中的一个重要的原则。教授会在文中一遍又一遍地重复重要的内容,重复最多的词语即是主旨。大家不要认为自己的听力水平有限,就随便从备选答案中选择一个自己压根就没有听到的词语。如果教授不断重复的内容都没有抓住,凭什么要相信在文章中甚少出现的内容会是主旨呢?
甚至在有些文章的末尾处,教授还会对全文内容进行总结。
比如TPO5 Lecture 1中,文章讲到了Meme Theory,在结尾处就对文章内容进行了总结:"So, you can see how looking at pieces of cultural information as replicators, as memes, and analyzing them in terms of longevity, fecundity and fidelity, we can gain some inside about how they spread, persist or change."从这里的总结处也可以看出,文章主要讲解了Meme理论,以及对此种理论的分析方法,要从longevity, fecundity and fidelity这三方面来进行分析。
(3)关注整体:
很多学生常常会犯的一类错误是将部分错认为主旨。虽然这些选项中表述的信息确实在文章中出现,但它们只概况了部分段落的内容,并不是文章的主旨。而正确选项通常都有"大而空"的特点。
比如在TPO1 Lecture2中提到了一种dating technique(年代测定法),叫做"Uranium-lead Dating"。文章的主旨题如下:
What does the professor mainly discuss?
A The difference in age among American mountain ranges
B The importance of a technique used for dating geological materials
C The recent discovery of an ancient canyon
D A comparison of various minerals used for dating
这道题目的正确答案是B选项。我们可以看出,这个选项并没有直接说文章的主旨是Uranium-lead Dating,而是通过解释Uranium-lead Dating的作用,用了一种泛泛的说法来总结文章主旨。这就是我们说的大而空的特点。
总而言之,作为基本理解题,主旨题在我们的托福听力中并没有太大的难度。抓好文章开头部分,识别好引出主旨的句子;并且通过下文的解释、例子、总结进行验证,大家会发现主旨题很容易掌握。
在托福阅读考试中,有好的训练 方法 和一定量的解题技巧,可以为你的托福阅读得到高分。那具体这些解题技巧和方法我们应该如何应用到平时的练习中去呢?下面我就为大家整理了这些,希望可以帮助到大家,快来一起学习吧。
详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法
1.每一篇 文章 第一次做时,尽量按照考试速度要求做。
2.做完后,接下来就要认真把文章读一遍,划出把文章里不懂的单词和长难句,查出单词意思,(借助语法知识)认真分析长难句,同时还要把错题(包括碰巧猜对的题目)认真分析,特别是OG和汉客笔记的题目(还有北极星最后几套ETS出的题目),一定要把题目涉及的文章内容仔细看,甚至在文章中划出涉及考题的内容,培养对易出题的考点的感觉,甚至揣摩ETS的出题思路。等到这些工作都做完,这篇文章也就基本吃透了,这时再重新把文章读一遍,最好多读两遍。这个过程其实就是精读了。只要时间允许,做过一次的阅读文章最好都尽量精读,吃透它。光作对题只是一个浅显的要求,就像只顾吃饭,对材料认真分析、精读才是真正消化吸收。
3.等过了三五天,或者两三周以后,有空的话再把这篇文章看(做)一遍,作为巩固,复习,而且有时还会温故知新。
P.S 如果时间不足,OG的文章是一定要精读的,而且题目也要仔细研究,这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。这些原则在新托福阅读其实也是同样适用的,只要文章中出现如下内容,都要引起注意:举例证明,罗列式例举,转折(否定),因果,下定义,比较级(最高级),同位语(插入语),数字年代,特殊标点(引号,破折号等)。
阅读具体的做题顺序
阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种:先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题
它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序:读一段文章,做相应的题目,然后再读一段,再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句,然后看题目,再找文章内相应部分做题
对于广大非牛来说,可能“读文章各段首句,然后看题目,再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适,读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构,做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”,但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收,从而不利于做 总结 题,也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的,所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目,再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢,可以对文章有全面的把握,虽然总量上还是要读完全文,但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
托福阅读题型破解
阅读一般来说是中国人的强项了,也是拿分的主力。如果你口语不牛,作文 一般,还想考到100分,那么阅读应该保证在28分以上。(我认为对于多数人来说,要达到一百分,28,26,22,24这个结构是比较容易达到的。)
在IBT阅读中,甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中,如果要用一个词来概括的话,那就是paraphrase,意译。无论是题干还是正确选项,大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过 同义词 来完成的。即题干中多用 近义词 来对原文中的 句子 进行替换,来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译,是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个,都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文,然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上,每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文,每个选项都一一进行斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心,认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题,必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间,不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
关于复习的时间安排。我认为,弄完词汇以后,就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利,单词没弄好就硬上阅读,有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击,也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习了。复习听力口语作文的日子里,每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量,按照考试的时间要求,千万不可放松。做得多了,就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上,不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路,老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的。
无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, IdentifyingNegative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences,Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。
还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。这是非常有用的。
托福阅读词汇实践出高分
有些人在复习托福阅读一开始就抱着词汇书背,我认为那样做背起来特别容易忘,而且还到实际中还不知道怎么用。其实不妨这样做,那一开始就做真题,就像摸考一样,然后在对答案的时候,遇到的不懂得单词,再看那些跟着每一套阅读真题的单词(有一些书就是跟着每套题的单词,全篇翻译都有的),这时候再背单词,做一套,背一套,大概这样做上4、5套题,你的感觉就是,大体主要的单词也就是这些了,那你就提高到一个境界了。
而且复习托福阅读真题让你对真题书而有熟,是一举几得的事。我就是这么做的,是清华的一个家伙介绍给我的,真是不错,现在大概复习有1个多月了,错题数能控制在2个以内。当然另外,还要注意一点,那就是一个阅读的方法问题,我也想说一下,希望对大家有用。
托福阅读备考的方法
其实 快速阅读 的技巧在掌握文章的思路,使整篇文章的段落层次,清晰在大脑中展现。
在读第一段时,特别是第一句,往往给我们一个大致的思路,文章的论题是什么,作者想说什么?然后第二段的第一句,然后在想一想作者下面又想讲什么,这一段里有没有什么重要的细节。然后第三段,又讲了什么,这里面的重要细节又是什么。
几段下来,每次读的时候都要来个小小的总结。各个段落的目的是什么,主题又是什么?这样,在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图,在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。
在回答问题前,花几秒钟总结一下文章大意,它的思路和主题。
再次提醒,TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章,了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实,你也没有那么多时间)。相反,你应该只读文章段落的第1句,而快速浏览其余部分。当你"读"完这篇文章时,你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。
答题。根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。因为你这样做完,你会觉得每一段的思路、脉络都会非常清晰,做题的时候,就可以很快找到出题点,而且对于偏离主题的题一眼就能看出,主题词就会显得格外明显。而实际中每一次的小结只需要几秒钟的一个停顿就可以,大家不妨试试,就会明白了。
需要注意的是,复习的时候,一定要看原文章,将文章通读,遇到忘了的单词,在重新回来查书上的解释,然后再背。这样背过的单词就不再是一个个孤立的单 词,而且也省去了枯燥背单词的时间,更主要的是,这样背过的单词,你会对这个词的用法很熟悉,不容易忘,或者就像有些人所说的,明明在单词表里觉得挺熟的 词,到了真正的阅读中,又会觉得很生疏,或者不能立刻反映出它的意思了。
托福阅读备考时大家要在做托福阅读真题的同时理解背诵单词,这样才能进一步加强托福阅读学习的质量,希望对大家有帮助。
托福阅读真题1
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of spun glass fibers. R é ne-Antoine de R é a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.
1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry
2. The word coarse in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) decorative
(B) natural
(C) crude
(D) weak
3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.
4. According to the passage , using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten
glass made the fibers
(A) quicker to cool
(B) harder to bend
(C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) longer and more durable
5. The phrase this material in line 16 refers to
(A) glass fibers
(B) decorations
(C) ornaments
(D) novelties for collectors
6. The word brittle in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
(C) hairy
(D) shiny
7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the
following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
(D) Using yarn reels
8. The word appreciated in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) invention (line 7)
(B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) bushing (line 25)
PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD
托福阅读真题2
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varèse(1 883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for example — made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments — may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music — tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas—are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of microtones. Non-western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more finely than western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters — closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music
(B) How sounds are produced electronically
(C) How standard musical notation has been adapted for nontraditional sounds
(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound
2. The word wider in one 1 is closest in meaning to more impressive
(A) more distinctive
(B) more controversial
(C) more extensive
(D) more impressive
3. The passage suggests that Edgard Var è se is an example of a composer who
(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike
(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music
(C) believed that any sound could be used in music
(D) wrote music with environmental themes
4. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) piano
(B) string
(C) blade
(D) music
5. According to the passage , which of the following types of instruments has played a role in
much of the innovation in western music?
(A) string
(B) percussion
(C) woodwind
(D) brass
6. The word thereby in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
7. According to the passage , Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which of the following practices?
(A) Using tones that are clumped together
(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal instruments
(C) Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium
(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences
8. According to the passage , which of the following would be considered traditional elements of
Western music?
(A) microtones
(B) tom-toms and bongos
(C) pianos
(D) hisses
9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to
(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation
(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation
(C) design and develop electronic instruments
(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced
PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD